Louisiana used nitrogen gas to put Jessie Hoffman Jr., 46, to death Tuesday evening in the state’s first execution in 15 years. Nitrogen gas has been used just four other times to execute a person in the United States — all in Alabama, the only other state with a protocol for the method.
“It is unfortunate that bad people exist, and they do real bad things. When these acts of violence happen, society must not tolerate it,” Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry said in a statement following the execution, adding, “If you commit heinous acts of violence in this State, it will cost you your life. Plain and simple.
Hoffman’s attorneys had sought to halt the execution, saying in a series of court filings leading up to his death the method is unconstitutional, violating the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. They also said it infringes on Hoffman’s freedom to practice religion, specifically his Buddhist breathing and meditation in the moments leading up to his death.
Louisiana officials maintain that the method is painless and say it is past time for the state to deliver justice promised to victims’ families after a decade-and-a-half hiatus. Attorney General Liz Murrill says that she expects at least four people on Louisiana’s death row to be executed this year.
On Monday, Hoffman’s attorneys filed a slew of additional challenges in state and federal courts as a last-ditch effort to stop the execution. The 19th Judicial District Court Judge Richard “Chip” Moore considered one of the challenges at a hearing Tuesday morning, which involved the question of whether the execution as planned violated Hoffman’s religious freedom under the Preservation of Religious Freedom Act. But the state judge in Baton Rouge ultimately declined to the halt the impending procedure, CBS News affiliate WAFB reported.
The judge on Monday had issued a temporary restraining order — preventing the state from executing Hoffman — pending the Tuesday morning hearing. The restraining order was to expire at 9:30 a.m., with the execution scheduled to take place hours later on Tuesday evening.
After court battles earlier this month, a federal judge temporarily halted Hoffman’s execution by nitrogen gas last week, issuing a preliminary injunction to stop the state from immediately carrying out his death sentence. An appeals court quickly reversed that injunction, and in the wake of Tuesday’s hearing, Hoffman’s attorneys had just one final appeal out to the United States Supreme Court to halt the execution. The U.S. Supreme Court rejected that effort on Tuesday, declining to intervene by a 5-4 vote, The Associated Press reported.
Hoffman was convicted of the 1996 murder of Mary “Molly” Elliott, a 28-year-old advertising executive, in New Orleans.
Under Louisiana protocol, which is nearly identical to Alabama’s, Hoffman was strapped to a gurney and had a full-face respirator mask — similar to what is used by painters and sandblasters — fitted tightly on him. Pure nitrogen gas was then be pumped into the mask, forcing him to breathe it in and depriving him of the oxygen needed to maintain bodily functions.
The protocol dictates nitrogen gas be administered for at least 15 minutes or five minutes after the inmate’s heart rate reaches a flatline indication on the EKG, whichever is longer.
Each inmate put to death using nitrogen in Alabama has appeared to shake and gasp to varying degrees during their executions, according to media witnesses, including a reporter from The Associated Press. The reactions are involuntary movements associated with oxygen deprivation, state officials have said.
Currently, four states — Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Oklahoma — specifically authorize execution by nitrogen hypoxia, according to records compiled by the Death Penalty Information Center.
Alabama first used the lethal gas to put Kenneth Eugene Smith to death last year, marking the first time a new method had been used in the U.S. since lethal injection was introduced in 1982.
In an effort to resume executions, Louisiana’s GOP-dominated Legislature expanded the state’s approved death penalty methods last year to include nitrogen hypoxia and electrocution. Lethal injection was already in place.
Over recent decades, the number of executions nationally has declined sharply amid legal battles, a shortage of lethal injection drugs and waning public support for capital punishment. That has led a majority of states to either abolish or pause carrying out the death penalty.
Hoffman was the seventh death row execution in the country this year.
